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Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans or large lakes. MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources. Marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, or national authorities and differ substantially among nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.〔National Geographic Magazine, January 2011〕 The largest marine protected areas are in the Indian and Pacific Oceans around the territorial waters of certain British Overseas Territories and Territories of the United States. As of 2014, more than 6,500 MPAs encompassed 2.09% of the world's oceans.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.mpatlas.org/explore/ )〕 The September 2014 expansion of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument increased MPA coverage to over 2%, with 0.83% in strongly protected no-take marine reserves.〔 In March 2015, the government of the United Kingdom announced funding for the creation of the largest contiguous marine protected reserve in the world around the Pitcairn Islands. ==Terminology== "MPA" is an umbrella term for protected areas that includes some area of marine landscape and/or biodiversity. The IUCN defines a marine protected area as: "Any area of the intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment."An alternative is "a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated, and managed through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values". United States Executive Order 13158 in May 2000 established MPAs, defining them as; "Any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, tribal, territorial, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Nomination of Existing Marine Protected Areas to the National System of Marine Protected Areas and Updates to the List of National System Marine Protected Areas )〕The Convention on Biological Diversity defined the broader term of ''marine and coastal protected area'' (MCPA); "Any defined area within or adjacent to the marine environment, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means, including custom, with the effect that its marine and/or coastal biodiversity enjoys a higher level of protection than its surroundings." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「marine protected area」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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